ANXIETY DISORDER

OCD – OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER

ADHD – ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

BIPOLAR DISORDER

SCHIZOPHRENIA

DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA

NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDER

DELUSIONAL DISORDER

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER/h4>

SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

AUTISM

REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER

LANGUAGE DISORDER

STUTTERING

SOCIAL ANXIETY PHOBIA

BINGE EATING DISORDER

HYPERSOMNIA

HYPOCHONDRIASIS

ANOREXIA NERVOSA

CLAUSTROPHOBIA

DISPAREUNIA

ASPERGER’S SYNDROME

CATATONIA

SCOTARD DELUSION

DELERIUM TREMENS

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPRAXIA

DEVELOPMENTAL VERBAL DYSPRAXIA

SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

DYSLEXIA

SENSORY INTEGRATION DISORDER

DESYNCHRONOSIS

EROTOMANIA

FREGOLI DELUSION

BRAIN AND BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEM

WHAT TO DO?

PSYCHOLOGIST

PSYCHIATRIST

COUNSELLORS

PSYCHOTHERAPIST

PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER

OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST

NEUROLOGIST

EXPLAINATION
Group of disorders characterised by an intense feeling of unease, discomfort and fear of future that is constant and overwhelming.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PHYSICAL: Light-headedness, sweating, rapid heart-beat.
EMOTIONAL: Pacing, trembling, pressured speech, unusual hand movement, restlessness.
BEHAVIORAL: Nervousness, delusional thinking, panic/terror.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Combination of psychotherapies depending on severity and personality (e.g. CBT, Behavioural therapy, Relaxation therapy, etc.)

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Anxiolytics for symptomatic treatment.

EXPLAINATION
Type of anxiety disorder characterised by intense thoughts or images that are repetitive; followed by compulsive repetitive and habitual actions usually irrational.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
PHYSICAL: Sweating, tingling, tightness in neck/chest/shoulder, hyperventilation.
EMOTIONAL: Compulsion to act on the thought (e.g. excessive washing, cleaning, touching, arranging, etc.
BEHAVIORAL: Feeling of restlessness until the compulsive action is performed followed by a temporary relief.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
CBT to confront fears by enduring the sensations of no response to compulsive thoughts

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
BEHAVIORAL: Self-harm reactions, such as head- banging, cutting, pulling hair, suicide attempts, etc.
EMOTIONAL: Chronic feelings of emptiness, unreasonable fear, dissociative symptoms, intense anger, distorted self-image.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
“Talk therapy” works effectively. DBT, schema based therapy and CBT have shown to be effective.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Easily distracted, forgetful, inattentive, daydreaming, easily confused, difficulty staying focused in task athand, struggle to follow instructions, restlessness, restless leg syndrome, problems with sleep initiations.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Behavioural therapy,CBT, interpersonal psychotherapy,neurofeedback, behaviour modification, and school based intervention.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Stimulants, anti-depressants.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Bipolar disorder causes inability to handle daily life situations distinctive from normal emotional problems.
MANIC PHASE:heightened sense of self, extreme optimism,significantly decreased need for sleep, aggression, easily distracted.
DEPRESSED EPISODE: feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, lethargy, negative thoughts, difficulty sleeping, talk of death/suicide.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Psychotherapy is recommended with medical management, to deal with the disorder in a more effective way. Individual and group therapy both are recommended and centred around relapse prevention.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Mood stabilizers & Atypical antipsychotics.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Characterised by at least 2 of the following:
Positive symptoms:delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech, agitation. The hallucination may consist of a voice keeping up arunning commentary.
Negative symptoms: small range of emotional expression (affective flattening), brief replies (alogia), and inability to initiate and persist goal directed activities (avolition).

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Psychotherapy is important with medication in schizophrenia. The medicines help to manage the symptoms, but the therapy is required to help the person adjust to the disorder and start living a normal life. he disorder renders the person unable to do normal chores, like personal grooming. Therapy helps to manage daily life.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Antipsychotics.The medication regime has to be followed strictly throughout life to avoid relapses.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Amnesia can be situation specific; memory loss of a particular episode, or large regressing gaps in memory relating to personality identity.The person is unable to remember personal information about themselves; lack of conscious self- knowledge. The episode may last for a few hours to days.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
A combination of psychotherapy models may be used for the treatment. Cognitive therapy may be useful to change dysfunctional thinking patterns. Creative therapy givesthe person window to express his/her thoughts in an alternate way that he can feel safe in.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medications may be administered for relieving symptoms of anxiety and depression arising from the amnesia.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Significant cognitive decline from a previous level of performance in one or more cognitive domains e.g. memory, attention, language, etc. The deficits interfere with everyday activities. The cognitive deficits are not better explained by other mental disorder.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Neuropsychological rehabilitation may help to deal with lost cognitive functions. Occupational the rapyand alternative therapy may help the person lead a better life. Inextreme cases, rehabilitation centres may be sought.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medication may be given to boost neurotransmitter levels.

EXPLAINATION
Delusional disorder is characterised by the presence of either bizarre or non-bizarre (an event not beyond realm of possibility in the person’s life) delusions which have persisted for at least a month.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The person holds a strong belief of something which he knows to be untrue from fact checking, etc. but nevertheless, holds the delusional thinking. Outward behaviour may remain unaffected and the person may be leading a normal life despite the disorder.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Individual therapy is suggested in cases of delusional disorder. The clarity in truth about events is necessary and behavioural therapy helps to examine thought process and see underlying pattern.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medications may not be required, as the disorder is predominantly of the person’s “thinking” and the person may be suspicious with the medication. Anti-psychotics may be prescribed..

EXPLAINATION
The disorder is characterised by a long standing pattern of disregard for other’srights and often violating their rights.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Failure to conform to social norms, deceitfulness, impulsivity, repeated lying and cheating, irritability and aggressiveness, consistent irresponsibility and lack of remorse, rationalising conduct of hurting or cheating others.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Psychotherapy is preferred. Long duration therapy by an experienced therapist is required. The person is unable to draw an emotion for an behaviour. Forming a strong therapeutic bond is a huge step towards remediation.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medications may be given to manage very specific symptoms.

EXPLAINATIONThe disorder is characterised by long standing pattern of detachment andalienating from social situations; having difficulty in expressing any emotion.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
No desire or ability to enjoy close relationships, chooses to be alone and engaged only in solitary activities, has little interest in sexual experiences with another person, emotionally detached, cannot express anger

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Psychotherapy, particularly drawing short-term goals iseffective. Small and achievable goals are directed in therapy. In later stages, group therapy may be sought. Cognitive restructuring is a good option.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Unless a person suffers from another condition, medicine is not a problem.

EXPLAINATION
The disorder is characterised by someone who has difficulty in establishing and maintaining close relationships with others. They are inclinedto make extreme explanations to casual events.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Ideas of reference, odd belief outside their subculture, unusualperceptual experiences, paranoid ideation, excessive social anxiety stemming from paranoid fear..

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
The person would require social skill straining, as he would predominantly lack the ability to interact. They often complain of being unable to ‘fit in’. In the later stages, group therapy will be helpful to put ideas into practice.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
In acute cases of psychosis, medications will be required. These phasesgenerally occur during stressful periods.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Many individuals with autism may suffer from sleep disturbances andGI problems. Medications may be used to tackle these. Therapy models are important and can helpan autistic person to make a start. early intervention models can help parents to initiatethe child from infancy. Goal oriented andlearning activities devised by experienced therapists should from a major part of the child’s education regimen.

EXPLAINATION
The characteristic feature is that the child exhibits grossly underdeveloped attachment towards caregiving adults from what is normal to that age..

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The child prefers to handle his/her emotions independently, won’tanswer any questions, no interaction in social situations, do not look for protection from adults, does not reciprocate when an adult extends a caring hand..

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
The disorder arises when the child does not receive adequate physical and emotionalaffection during the very formative ages. Medical support is not requiredunless another neurobiological issue exists. The child is unable to expressemotions in a healthy manner. Therapy directed towards educating the child in emotional balance and expression will go a long way in helping him deal with this disorder. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Medications may be administered for relieving symptoms of anxiety and depression arising from the amnesia.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Limited word knowledge,poor knowledge of grammar specific to that language, unable to do sentence completion task, bad in expressive and receptive language tasks, poor phonological abilities.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Neuropsychological interventions after proper assessments can help the child to come at par with his peers. Special educators with specific models of teaching will help the child better acquire the problematic language.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Monosyllabic word repetitions, sound andsyllable repetition, broken words, word substitutions for problematic words (circumlocutions), and word production is with visible physical tension.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Stuttering may cause anxiety and socialcommunication issues for which help may be sought medically. Speech therapy may be helpful in dealing with the problem.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
A strong sense of fear towards a particular activity; feeling of letting oneself down by doing a certain task and causing embarrassment, thinking of oneself to be incapable of a certain task despite of practice.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Social phobia is a very common phenomenon.However sometimes the fear can be so extremely gripping that the personis absolutely unable to move on. Individual therapy, alternate therapy and CBT can help identify thought patterns that are giving rise to such an idea.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Eating large portions with very small gap in between, a sense of lack of control and inability to stop, eating very rapidly, eating without feeling hungry, feeling extremely guilty, distressed and disgusted by their action.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Psychotherapy is mosteffective in binge eating disorders. Binge eating often involves negative self-image. CBT is effective in identifying and dealing with these problems and form a solution focuse therapy.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Excessive sleepiness causing distress, and impaired functioning, anxiety, excessive irritation, restlessness, slow thinking, hallucinations, memory problems.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Behaviour modification can help regularise a cycle.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Stimulant medications may be used to treat drowsiness. Treatment is based upon symptoms presented.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Preoccupation causes significant distress, constant feeling of presenting a symptom of a deadly disease, occupational stress.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Due to a persistent feeling, anxiety often exists and can be overwhelming enough to interfere with the quality of work. CBT, cognitive restructuring and behavioural modifications can help deal with the disorder.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Attempts to lose weight to the point of starvation,refusal to maintain a normal BMI, obsession with calorific value and fat content, amenorrhoea in women, use of laxatives, waterpills, diet pills and get rid of food immediately after ingesting, abdominal distension..

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Treatment is aimed at restoring normal weight of the person and modifying behavioural shortcomings. Psychotherapy, primarily family based, CBT, CRT early interventions are shown to be effective.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Claustrophobic will have anxiety in at least one of he following places; cars, elevators, caves, smallrooms, airplanes, cubicles, tunnels, trains, etc. it is characterised by two primary fears: fear of confinement and fear of suffocation.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Treatment for claustrophobia idirected towards minimising the irrationalfear triggered by closed spaces. Patients often fear they will run out of air to breathe and start to feel choked. CBT is useful in showing the irrationality in thought process. Exposure therapy is also useful but with supervision.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Pain during penetration, surface or deep, afraid of having sex in anticipation of the pain, anxiety and/or depression.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Physical examination to identify infections, lesions and other causes of pain. Symptomatic treatment and mild therapy can help theperson enjoy a healthy sex life.

EXPLAINATION
Asperger’s falls in ASDs (autism spectrum disorders) characterised by significant difficulty in social interactions and non-verbal communication, restricted and repetitive interests

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Diagnostic criteria is impairment in social interaction and repetitive patterns of behaviour without significant delay in cognitive development. Screening is done using childhoo autism spectrum test (CAST), sperger syndrome diagnostic scale (ASDS), autism spectrum quotient (AQ) and variations.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Treatment for AS is focused on teaching the child age appropriate social interaction and motor control. Specialised speech therapy, CBT for anxiety management, ABA technique for social skills have been shown tohelp to some extent..

EXPLAINATION
Neurological condition leading to a neurogenic immobility and behaviour abnormality caused by stupor (lack of motor activity).

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Diagnosis is made if at least three of the following are present: stupor, catalepsy,flexibility induced by examiner and maintain the posture, mutism, negativism, posturing against gravity, mannerism, stereotypy, agitation, grimacing, echolalia, echopraxia.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment is given for symptomatic relief.Benzodiazepines are the first lineof treatment. ECT is the preferred line of treatment.

EXPLAINATION
Cotard’s syndrome is a delusion in which the person feels he is dead, lost parts of his body (figuratively and/or literally), or immortal.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Delusion of negation is the central focus in Cotard syndrome. It manifests in three stages;
1. Symptoms of psychotic depression and hypochondria,
2.Development of delusion of negation,
3. Severe delusion and chronic depression. Neglecting personal hygiene, day to day life, hallucinations, distorted view of external world.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Treatment using antidepressants, antipsychotics, and mood-stabilisers have been shown to be effective. ECT is often used.

EXPLAINATION
Rapid onset of confusion induced by withdrawal from alcohol. Starts around 3 days into withdrawal and lasts for 2-3 days.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Global confusion, disorientation, hallucinations, nightmares, tactile hallucinations, autonomic hyperactivity, fever.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Sedation using benzodiazepine is done to reduce harm to self and others. Antipsychotic may be used in some cases.

EXPLAINATION
Also known as developmental coordination disorder, dyspraxia is a chronic neurological condition that affects planning of movement and coordination

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Gross motor control, poor spatial awareness, poor working memory, poor balance, sensory overload and panic attacks, cross-laterality, ambidextrous, difficulty determining left from right.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Dyspraxia is a developmental disorder with no cure. Coping strategies are devised to minimise the problems. Occupational therapy,speech therapy, physiotherapy,psychomotor therapy can help to some extent.

EXPLAINATION
Also called articulatory dyspraxia, it causes speech and language impairment.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Inability to make sounds, difficulty controlling speech organs, difficulty sequencing words into sentences or within,Phonation, breathe suppression, slow language development.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Occupational and speech therapy paired with customise dlearning methods for dyspraxics can help cope up with the problem

EXPLAINATION
Diagnosed in cases of child’s language not developing normally and ASD, slow development, physical abnormality, acquired brain damage is ruled out. SLI may be genetic.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Language difficulties that interfere daily life, performance on the assessment is significantly low for the age.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Speech language therapy is the preferred method. The intervention is designed towards social use of language rather than grammar and phonology. Parental involvement has been shown to be extremely
effective.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Delayed onset of speech, difficulty with direction, difficulty distinguishing right from left, difficult identifying or generating rhyming words, low phonological awareness, reduced phonemic awareness, poor spelling.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Intervention is used to increase child’s awareness between graphemes and phonemes. Some specially tailored fonts for dyslexia; OpenDyslexic, Dyslexie, Lexia Readable are shown to be effective.

EXPLAINATION
Also called sensory processing disorder, it is a condition when multisensory integration is not processed properly.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Dislike to certain textures to the extent that it affects normal life (e.g. grooming products, food), motion sickness, discomfort in normal physical interaction, negative experience of touch sensation, threatened by normal sounds, poor posture, excessive fidgeting, jerky eye tracking, poor motor functions.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Sensory integration therapy, a type of occupational therapy is used to help the child stimulate all the senses. He is placed in a therapy room specifically designed to activate and process sensory input; working closely with the therapist. Physical exercise, prism lenses are also used.

EXPLAINATION
Commonly called Jet Lag, the condition is caused by long distance travel causing physiological distress till body settles to the time zones.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Sleep disturbances, poor cognitive functions, fatigue, headaches, irritability, indigestion, out of sync circadian rhythm.

THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
Light exposure is controlled according to the time zone traveling to and from. The problem is mainly due to desynchronised circadian rhythm.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Sleep medication can be used for a short while.

EXPLAINATION
Delusional disorder, the person believes another person is in love with them, usually of higher status and fame.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
The person holds an unshakable belief that another person is secretly in love with them. They might even believe they have secret admirers. The person may orient themselves with subtle messages to communicate with their secret ‘lover’.

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
Erotomania is found in schizophrenia and other delusional disorders and primarily managed using antipsychotics.

EXPLAINATION
Rare disorder in which the sufferer believes that two people are in fact the same individual disguised as the other.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Delusions, self- monitoring deficit, self- awareness deficit, low cognitive flexibility, epileptogenic, hallucinations

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT.
Antipsychotics, anticonvulsants and antidepressants are mainly used in management of Fregoli.

Signs
Behavioural disorders more often than not doesn’t come out of the blue. It is
preceded by certain changes in the behaviour of the person. The person
starts to show change in attitude and social afflictions from before.

SYMPTOMS
1. Withdrawal: the person starts to isolate himself/herself from social
situations. Eventually they prefer keeping to themselves and may avoid any
contact altogether.
2. Unusual behaviour: they start to show uncharacteristic behaviour.
3. Sleep pattern: there is a change in sleep/ wake pattern of the person.
They may start sleeping usually more or less than before. Their wakeful state
may also be bizarre.
4. Appetite: the eating habits are also largely affected. The person may
gain or lose appetite In comparison to normal habits. Choice of food may also
turn to more carbohydrate, sugary food.
5. Increased sensitivity: heightened reaction to sound, light or touch and
avoidance of such situations altogether.
6. Nervousness/ paranoia: increased feeling of nervousness, doubt, fear
and discomfort without logic.

EXPLAINATION
Mental illnesses and their symptoms are manageable when diagnosed early.
The complexity increases with time. If you suspect your loved is showing
signs, an immediate action is advisable. Early interventions by family and
friends with knowledge of the disorders are highly effective.

1. Encourage the person to go for an assessment to a mental health
professional.
2. Help them increase their knowledge of mental health disturbances and
treatments. Knowledge is always helpful in choosing the right path.
3. Find out about local community services, anonymous peer groups
(such as alcoholics anonymous for alcohol abuse) and encourage them to
attend these meetings which will give a closer perspective.
4. Talk to a mental health care-giver for a professional insight. They will
help you identify resources.
5. Get the person to undergo professional assistance.
6. Alternate therapy methods for stress management may help them to
relieve some symptoms.